This is the third and last part of the series examining the biggest news in media regarding social media, the first part of the mini-series looked at podcasting in 2020 and the second part summarized the year 2020 in subscriptions and memberships news, trends, and reports.

The aim of this series is to identify the biggest trends, to separate the news from the noise. And also to summarize the most important studies and reports to help you advance your media business.

2020 was another year of social media reckoning, due to the global pandemic and US elections. There were waves of misinformation spreading from public figures and even now at the end of the year the outlook is not great. Misinformation keeps spreading on social media, platforms help radicalization and the leaders of these companies remain largely unchallenged.

Facebook infamously refused to ban political ads, but later caved and a couple of months before the US elections adopted stricter rules. The chiefs of Facebook and Twitter appeared two times before the congress. Once together with Apple and Google CEOs and once jus the both of them.

One of the big questions analysts and journalists had after both hearings – why was YouTube missing. Some lawmakers took notice and we might see this omission addressed in 2021.

2020 also marked a year that the US government brought yet its strongest lawsuit against Facebook and demanded it to divest assets, including Instagram and WhatsApp, effectively breaking up Facebook as we know it.

On this side of the pond, the EU proposed stricter rules (the Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act) that could force breakups and hefty fines for Big Tech, including social media companies.

Timeline of the most impactful news and reports regarding social media in 2020

January

Facebook announced enforcing against manipulated media = deepfakes. The policy does not extend to content that is parody or satire. Facebook partnered with Reuters on a free online training course for newsrooms on identifying and tackling manipulated media, available in 16 languages.
During a video Q&A with Wired, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey was asked if there’ll be an edit button for Twitter and answered no. He added they will “probably never do it.”
Facebook provided details on the Oversight Board. The independent body that reviews Facebook moderation decisions, has accepted its first cases only in December 2020.
A study by researchers at Switzerland’s Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne and the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil found evidence that users who engaged with a middle ground of extreme right-wing content migrated to commenting on the most fringe far-right content. The report, called “Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube”, suggests users who started out commenting on alt-lite/IDW YouTube content shifted to commenting on extreme far-right content on the platform over time.
48 fact-checking organizations from 30 countries started working to debunk false information about covid-19. The initiative is ongoing, follow #CoronaVirusFacts and #DatosCoronaVirus on social media for the latest updates.

February

WhatsApp crossed 2 billion users.
Helen Atkinson, a visual data journalist at The Economist, explained how they design charts for Instagram. @theeconomist has more than 5 million followers.
Steven Levy, a longtime chronicler of Silicon Valley and editor at large at Wired, published a book called Facebook: The Inside Story. Here is a good review from The New York Times.

March

HBO premiered a documentary movie ‘After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News’, directed by Andrew Rossi and executive produced by CNN’s Brian Stelter. In a review, The New York Times wrote the film argues sympathetically, disinformation hurts the people who believe in it and are sometimes moved to act drastically on it.

April

Bloomberg’s Sarah Frier published No Filter, a book on Instagram’s first 10 years. Here’s an interview about the book for The Verge.
The European Journalism Centre published a new edition of its Verification Handbook – For Disinformation And Media Manipulation.

May

The “Plandemic” was probably one of the most viewed vital misinformation video regarding the pandemic, reported The New York Times at the time. Just over a week after it was released, it had been viewed more than eight million times on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and had generated countless other posts.
In a bombshell investigation, reporters from Wall Street Journal found out that back in 2016 an internal research found that ‘64% of all extremist group joins are due to our recommendation tools’, that ‘our recommendation systems grow the problem’ and ‘our algorithms exploit the human brain’s attraction to divisiveness.’ Some managers tried to address algorithm changes and were allowed only partly. Here is Facebook’s response.

June

Facebook started labeling state-controlled media on its site. The feature came to Instagram in late September.
The Digital News Report 2020 was published, stating that the use of online and social media substantially increased in most countries. DNR also reminded us: Those aged 18–24 (so-called Generation Z) have an even weaker connection with websites and apps and are more than twice as likely to prefer to access news via social media.
The Facebook ‘Ad boycott’ happened. The backlash started after a flurry of misinformation appeared on Facebook amid worldwide protests against racism and police brutality. During the Q3 results, the company showed no signs of the boycott slowing its growth or revenue down.
Reddit banned r/The_Donald subreddit. The company decided to ban about 2000 subreddits after an update to its content policy.

July

A job listing revealed that Twitter might be working on a subscription platform. So far there is nothing new to this information even in the end of 2020 at the time of writing this.
The US government started to consider banning Chinese apps including TikTok. After months of media frenzy and ultimatums given by the Trump administration, TikTok remains, even at the end of 2020, in Chinese hands.
Twitter got hacked. A few high profile accounts including those of Joe Biden, Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Barack Obama, Uber, and Apple tweeted cryptocurrency scams. The New York Times revealed the fascinating back story of the hack and profiled the main hacker behind the attack, the 17-year-old Graham Ivan Clark.
C.E.O.s of Google, Apple, Amazon, and Facebook appeared online on a hearing before the House Judiciary Committee regarding antitrust issues after lawmakers collected hundreds of hours of interviews and obtained more than 1.3 million documents.

August

Instagram launched its TikTok copycat Reels. The best review came from NYT’s Brian X. Chen and Taylor Lorenz basically saying that Reels is a much worse TikTok clone.
Twitter, too, started labeling state-controlled news accounts.

September

YouTube had to revert to using human moderators again to vet harmful content after its artificial intelligence systems removed also videos that broke no rules. YouTube gave its machine systems greater autonomy after the company “put offline” its 10-thousand moderation team due to the pandemic.
TikTok crossed the 100 million user milestone in Europe.
Netflix premiered the documentary movie The Social Dilemma. The movie seemed appealing to many viewers, though the reviews said it takes a very simplistic approach.
The Atlantic gained 20,000 subscribers after Trump dismissed it as a ‘dying’ magazine on Twitter.
Celebrities and influencers joined the Facebook ‘Ad boycott’ organizers by freezing their accounts, for a day. Needless to say what the effect on the social media giant was.

October

The House Judiciary subcommittee on antitrust, after 16 months of investigation, published its findings in an antitrust report on Big Tech. Among other findings, we got a look at how the Instagram acquisition looked from the inside (details here).
Twitter announced that it would take several steps intended to slow tweets down — most notably, by asking users to add their own commentary before blindly re-sharing a post. Many applauded the change at the time, lawmakers did not like it. In December, it reverted to the old retweet function.
In 2018, Facebook’s chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg, famously cited Holocaust deniers in a fumbled attempt to make a point about free speech. In October Zuckerberg announced he was reversing his decision. Facebook started banning content that “denies or distorts the Holocaust.”
The ‘Section 230 hearing’ happened. It was not enlightening.
Facebook Journalism Project published 22 innovative ideas to try on Instagram. Lessons learned from 22 recent college graduates who participated in the Instagram Local News Fellowship and worked for 10 weeks in 21 local newsrooms across the US. Some of the case studies are pretty interesting.

November

Casey Newton reviewed the platforms’ attempts to stop election misinformation and keep the election integrity. He concluded: In short, Facebook and Twitter — and, to a lesser extent, YouTube — met two of the key challenges revealed by the 2016 election.
Twitter introduced Fleets, its response to stories and Twitter hates them. In 2020, also Pinterest and LinkedIn introduced the format to their platforms. And Spotify tested them, as well.
Facebook made editorial tweaks to its algorithm. According to sources The New York Times spoke to, after the election, Zuckerberg agreed to temporarily tweak Facebook’s algorithm to make authoritative news like CNN and NYT appear more prominently. Basically, the company knows how to set up the platform to be less toxic, the problem is, that the outcome means less time spent by users.

Facebook also ran tests this year to figure out if “bad for the world” content could be demoted in users’ feeds.

It could, but there was a problem: it decreased the number of times users opened Facebook. https://t.co/U3q91dlQG1 pic.twitter.com/ye41B8SZNR
— Kevin Roose (@kevinroose) November 24, 2020

December

Reddit claimed 52 million daily active users. Later in December announced it was buying the TikTok rival Dubsmash.
I wrote about Spotify’s Wrapped end-of-the-year series and how it’s creating “earned media” value for the company.
Facebook told employees that it’s developing a tool to summarize news articles so users won’t have to read them. It also laid out early plans for a neural sensor to detect people’s thoughts and translate them into action.

Facebook is having an end-of-year, company-wide meeting right now. One of its executives tried to rally employees by telling them: "We're at the center of what it means to be human."
— Ryan Mac 🙃 (@RMac18) December 15, 2020

Facebook disabled several features in Messenger and Instagram apps for users in Europe, claiming that it wanted to make sure they comply with a change in privacy rules. Since December 21st messaging apps fall under new EU rules, the ePrivacy directive. According to the BBC: There’s nothing in the ePrivacy directive that bans the use of fun stickers or polls in messaging apps, so Facebook’s move to disable them is a bit puzzling. Its vague notification alerting users that “some features [are] not available” raised more questions than it answered.

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